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Drawing the distance characteristics and Practical example of drawing the Quad characteristic in SIEMENS 7SA522 relay

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Protection relays with Distance function are used to protect lines against faults in the network.

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In order to test this function, we must first draw its characteristic.

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Using Rio or Xrio is a simple solution to transfer settings and configure this function from relay

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and simulation of the distance characteristic in the test device.

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Using digital relays such as Import Rio and Xrio to draw protection characteristic will surely simplify the process

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of testing functions, including Distance.

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However, in the case of older relays such as static samples, in some cases,

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we still have to use step-by-step drawing and manual impedance characteristic.

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In addition, in some cases, we may not be able to get relay output in the form of files such as Xrio,

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CSV and Text for reasons such as software restrictions.

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In these cases, it is enough to open the Distance block from the Test Object Parameters

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section and use the Zone Settings header to draw the distance characteristic.

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At the top of the table, the New, Edit, Delete and Add duplicate options allow creating new zones,

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editing zones, deleting zones, and overwriting the zone, respectively.

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You can also have complete management over each zone using navigation options.

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In zone Details, you can also see details about trip time,

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impedance and values related to the duration of the operation and see the tolerance value.

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To get started, simply click on the New option to create a new zone.

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By default, this zone is marked as the tripe area for all fault loops.

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By selecting each zone and clicking on edit option,

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you can have a complete management of the type of distance element or specify the Trip and No Trip area.

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Impedance characteristics can be adjusted in the form of Quad and Mho type or lens in the relay.

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You can also use the default shapes for these three characteristics.

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Any added element can be a line or arc.

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Each element can be drawn by entering a point and angle.

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In the case of the Mho characteristic,

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the circle drawing is performed using the central point, radius and angle.

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After adding zones using different elements, you can specify the number, label, zone type and loop fault for it.

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Keep in mind that four different type can be specified for zones as follows:

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Tripping: It is used for zones that based on the relay settings, points inside trips.

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Starting: Used for zones that only lead to pickup of distance function.

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This pickup can lead to tripe after a certain time.

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Extended: This zone is only activated under certain conditions (for example enabling recloser or teleprotection schemes)

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Non-Tripping: In these zones, the relay will not issue trip command.

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It is also possible to disable the zones created in this list.

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After drawing the zones, trip time and related faults can be entered for each zone.

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Drawing the distance characteristic (zone 1 forward direction) in siemens 7SA522 relay

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For example, we will review drawing the Quad characteristic of a Siemens 7SA522 relay sample here.

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Keep in mind that by going to the Setting Group section in Digsi 4 software and choosing Distance Protection and then,

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General Settings you can view the distance characteristic of the relay by selecting the Graph option.

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In the Distance Zones section,

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you can see the values related to different parameters of the Distance characteristic in different zones.

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Here, zones 1 to 3 in forward direction, zone 4 in reverse direction and finally zone 5, is non-directional.

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Considering the overall characteristic of distance for this relay, which is as follows,

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as well as the directional characteristic in page R and X,

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it is necessary to pay attention to the following points:

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In general, six independent zones and one extra control zone are defined for each impedance fault loop in this relay.

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The process of defining lines is based on the parameters R, X and φDist.

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It is possible to include a cut area to define Load Encroachment.

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Reach element R value can be defined separately for phase-to-phase and phase-to-ground

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faults so that we can see wider coverage of faults for ground faults.

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For zone 1, another angle α can also be defined to avoid overreach caused by changing angles or more.

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This angle is not applicable to other zones.

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φDist, defined in the relay address 1211 and referred to as Distance Angle or Distance angle,

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shows the rotation angle in the Distance component.

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This element is used for both Quad and MHO characteristics and can be adjusted to the same value as the line angle (element 1105).

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Now it's time to drawing the distance characteristic.

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By revisiting the Zone Settings section and clicking on the New option, we select the Quad characteristic for the relay.

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Here, the value R moves the center of the line over the horizontal axis and the X value moves the center of the line over the vertical axis.

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The specified angle is also cause the line to rotate.

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The first line, while passing through the R axis with the value R1, that is, the resistance of zone 1 passes.

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has a φDist angle, which here is equal to the load angle of 82 degrees.

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In this way, we enter the value R equal to 24.899, X value equal to 0 and the angle value is 82 degrees.

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The second line is the horizontal line (taking alpha equal to zero degrees) with the specifications R=0, the value X is 6.211 and the angle is 180 degrees

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The third line that passes through the source is also draw by the specifications R=0, X=0 and the angle derived from the manual, that is 300 degrees.

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The fourth line that passes through the source has a 22-degree angle in according to the manual.

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For this purpose, we enter the value R=0, X=0 and the angle at 338 degrees.

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The fifth line is draw by considering the value R equal to zero, X equal to -6.211 and the angle equal to zero.

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By entering the above coordinates, zone 1 is created as Forward.

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Creating characteristics for reverse and non-directional zones also follows this process.

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By drawing the distance characteristic,

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it is possible to start the Shot Test and Search Test process in order to ensure the accuracy of the graphical characteristic.