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Test View Window

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The "Test View" window, as previously mentioned, is one of the panels within the "Overcurrent" room

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This window includes five tabs: "Shot Test", "Pickup-Drop Off", "Setting", "Trigger", and "Binary Output".

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Test points are defined within the "Shot Test" and "Pickup-Drop Off" tabs.

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In the "Shot Test" tab, you can select the fault type and define specific test points

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, then evaluate the results after running the test. In this tab, under the "Test Point" section

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the fault current is set, and under "Fault Type", you choose the type of fault to be simulated. Within the "Test Point" section

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the fault current is entered in the "I Test" field, and the angle between the current and voltage is set in the "Angle" field

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Keep in mind that this angle setting is only relevant for conducting "Directional" tests.

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If you want to define the fault current as a multiple

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of the rated CT current or the pickup current of one of the defined stages,

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, first, check the "ITest Relative" option. Then, in the "Factor" field, enter the desired multiplier,

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and from the "Relative to" dropdown menu, select the reference current to base the fault current on.

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This reference current can be either the pickup current of one of the stages or the CT secondary rated current

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Once the fault current has been defined, select the fault type

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 from the list of standard options in the "Fault Type" section.

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. These include various types of phase-to-ground faults, phase-to-phase faults,

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three-phase faults, unbalance, "3I0", as well as individual phase faults like "L1", "L2", and "L3"

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To understand the concept of "L1," "L2," and "L3" faults

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imagine a line where a transformer with a delta connection is present on the primary side. When a fault occurs on the secondary side

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the corresponding phase current of the fault will flow on the primary side, and the fault current will be supplied by the other phase or phases.

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.To better grasp the difference between this type of fault and single-phase faults

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faults like "L1-E," "L2-E," or "L3-E," you can use the "Vector View" window

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to observe the current values of other phases during a fault

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. For example, compare "L1-E" and "L1" faults:

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in an "L1-E" fault, the current values in phases 2 and 3 are zero, but in an "L1" fault,

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 the current in phase 1 is supplied by phases 2 and 3.

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Testing unbalance faults, also known as "Negative Sequence" faults, can be done by selecting "I2".

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Since relays detect unbalance faults based on the negative sequence current,

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, when this "Fault Type" is selected, the injected fault current will be purely the negative sequence component.

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To inject an "Earth Fault" current, you should use "3I0" when the relay operates in "Summation" mode

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and "L-E" when it operates in "Measuring" mode.

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Once the fault current and type have been specified, clicking the "Add" button will insert the selected test point into the table in this window

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Now, a key point about test points:

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if you check the "ITest Relative to" option and define the test current based on a parameter,

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point will always remain dependent on that parameter.

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So, if the parameter value changes, the test current will automatically adjust

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. For example, if you enable "ITest Relative to", set the test current to be twice the rated current, and add that point to the test table

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then change the rated current to 5 amps—you’ll see that the test current increases from 2 amps to 10 amps accordingly

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By selecting a row and clicking "Insert", the selected test point is duplicated and added below the original in the table

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Clicking "Remove" deletes the selected row

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Using the "Add to" option, you can copy selected test points from one "Fault Type" to another.

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And finally, clicking "Remove All" deletes all test points listed in the table.

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By clicking on the "Sequence" option

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the "Sequence Test Points to" window opens, allowing you to create multiple test points with equal steps.

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. In the "Advanced" mode, under the "Current Data" section

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you can define steps to increase or decrease either the current magnitude or phase angle.

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 In the "Sequence Type" field, if you select "Current", the current steps are entered directly in amperes.

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But if you choose "Factor", the current is defined as a multiple of a parameter selected in the "Relative to" dropdown

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This reference parameter can be the "Pickup" current of one of the defined "Stages", or the secondary rated current of the "CT".

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Here as well, you'll see the "ITest Relative" checkbox, which works exactly as described in the previous section.

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In the "Start Value" field, you define the starting point of the current sequence

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in the "End Value" field, the final point; and in the "Step Size" field, the increment between each test point.

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. For example, if you set the "Sequence Type" to "Factor", choose "Relative to" as the "Pickup" current of Stage 1

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 define the "Start Value" as 2 times the pickup current, the "End Value" as 6 times,

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and the "Step Size" as half the pickup current

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you'll see that the "Step Count"—which indicates the number of current steps or test points—is automatically calculated and shown as 9.

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In addition, under the "Angle Data" section, you can enter the starting angle

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in the "Start Value" field, the final angle in the "End Value" field, and the angular step size in the "Step Size" field

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for example, 30, 45, and 5 degrees respectively.

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The "Step Count" field here shows the number of angle steps, which in this case is 4.

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The "Total Shot Count" field displays the total number of calculated test points.

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This number reflects how each point—based on the current and angle steps defined above—will be generated and added to the test table.

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Once you select the "Fault Type" options "L1-E" and "L2-E"

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and confirm them, you'll see that these points are added to the test point table.

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In the "Simple (1.5X, 2X, 4X)" mode, you can select and add 1.5,

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2, or 4 times the secondary nominal current of the "CT" for different "Fault Type" options.

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If a test contains points with a "Failed" evaluation,

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clicking the "Clear All Failed Tests" button will remove these points from the table,

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changing their status from "Failed" to "Not Tested".

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In the "Detail" section, the nominal "Trip" time is recorded in the "t nom" field,

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, the allowed operation time range is recorded in the "t min" and "t max" fields, the actual time in the "t act" field,

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 and the test point evaluation is registered in the "State" field.

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By double-clicking on the "More Details (Double click to expand)" section

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the details related to the relay's characteristic curve will be displayed.

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In the table at the bottom of the page, the test points are listed along with various details.

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These details include the test evaluation, test current

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test point angle, whether the test point is "Relative" or not, the factor and base parameter if the point is "Relative"

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", nominal time, operating time, error value in percentage and seconds,

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and the minimum and maximum operating times.

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Additionally, if you want to add a note for any test point, you can use the "User Comment" cell.

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Below this section, the test points for different "Fault Type" options can be selected.

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By right-clicking on this table and selecting the "Show/Hide" option,

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you can configure which columns are displayed in the table or in the "Report".